Uniosun Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences
UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences (UJEES) is a high quality open access peer reviewed international research journal. It is the official publication of the Faculty of Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. The Journal Publishes online version. UJEES publication includes theoretical, practical and empirical paper in all areas of engineering and environmental sciences with interest not limited to the following fields: Building, Civil, Geotechical, Structural& Highway Engineering Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering Computer, Telecommunications, Software, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Agricultural, biosystems, bioresources, biomedical, food, environmental &water resources engineering Urban Planning and Development, Architecture and Construction, Rural and Community Development, Realestate and property management PUBLICATION FREQUENCY. The UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering andEnvironmental Sciences is published biannually. Issue 1– March Issue 2– September
Faculty of Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.
STABILIZATION OF CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATED LATERITIC SOIL USING COMPOSITE MIXTURE OF BIOCHAR AND CEMENT
This work studied the effects of composite mixture of cement and biochar in the stabilization of crude oil contaminated lateritic soil to ascertain its suitability as earthwork construction material. Disturbed lateritic soil sample was artificially contaminated with 10% crude oil obtained from Olomoro-Oleh Oil and Gas Field, Isoko South Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. The natural and contaminated soil specimens were subjected to geotechnical tests to determine the Specific gravity (SG), Plasticity Index (PI), Percentage Passing Sieve No 200, Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR). Results indicated that the contamination of the soil with 10% crude oil increased its plasticity and generally reduced its workability and strength. Stabilization of the crude oil contaminated soil with biochar increased the plasticity index of the soil. However, addition of cement decreased the PI of the crude oil contaminated soil. The percentage passing sieve No 200 increased with increasing contents of cement and biochar. The addition of cement improved the MDD and CBR, but there was reduction MDD and CBR with the addition of biochar. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) performed on the results showed that cement and biochar had statistically significant effects on all the parameters. Based on this research, the use of 15% cement with 4% biochar improved the strength of crude oil contaminated lateritic soil and is therefore recommended for the use of crude oil contaminated soil as subgrade material in earthworks construction.
EFFECT OF LOAD AND OPERATIONAL TIME ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have attracted significant global attention due to their widespread applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems, largely because of their high energy density and long cycle life. Despite these advantages, their performance and longevity are highly influenced by operational stresses such as load intensity and duration of use. This study investigated the effects of load and operating time on the performance of Li-ion batteries using three load conditions: 100 W (light load with a target discharge duration of 15–30 minutes), 200 W (moderate load with a discharge duration of 30–45 minutes), and 300 W (heavy load designed to achieve approximately 1 Ah ±10% consumption), while monitoring performance over operating times ranging from 0 to 60 minutes. The results showed that under light load conditions, the batteries maintained a relatively stable output voltage of approximately 12 V with minimal variation, indicating stable electrochemical behaviour and low internal stress. However, under moderate load conditions, polarization and internal impedance increased gradually with time, leading to a progressive voltage decline to about 8–7 V and a noticeable reduction in efficiency. When subjected to heavy load, the batteries experienced rapid voltage drop to approximately 7 V, accompanied by increased electrochemical and thermal stress that accelerated performance degradation. The findings also revealed a nonlinear interaction between load intensity and operating duration, meaning that prolonged operation at moderate loads could produce degradation effects similar to those caused by short periods of heavy loading. The dominant degradation mechanisms identified included solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) thickening, electrolyte decomposition, particle cracking within electrodes, and lithium plating. Overall, the study highlights that repeated moderate-to-high load cycling significantly shortens battery cycle life and emphasizes the importance of implementing advanced battery management systems incorporating current regulation, optimized depth-of-discharge control, and effective thermal management strategies.
SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF ROADSIDE TRADING IN IBADAN METROPOLIS: A GIS APPROACH TO MARKET ORGANISATION AND URBAN PLANNING
Roadside trading has become a crucial but contentious feature of urban economies in developing countries, particularly where rapid population growth and insufficient formal market infrastructure persist. In Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria, informal trading activities continue to expand along major transportation corridors as urban dwellers seek livelihood opportunities amid weak enforcement of planning regulations. Despite numerous studies on the informal sector, limited empirical evidence exists on the spatial distribution and concentration patterns of roadside trading in relation to road networks, transport nodes and formal markets. This study, therefore, examines the spatial dynamics of roadside trading in Ibadan Metropolis using Geographic Information Science (GIS) based analytical techniques including Hotspot Analysis, Kernel Density Estimation and Proximity Analysis. Major dual-carriage roads such as Iwo Road, Challenge–Beere and Dugbe–Sango were buffered at 30m from the centreline to represent the approximate extent of roadside commercial influence zones. Minor feeder roads linked to major expressways, especially around Iwo Road, were assigned a 9m buffer to reflect their narrower rights-of-way. Additionally, for the Iwo Road interchange with a large roundabout and intense trading, the central circular island was buffered at 1km to encompass the broader commercial environment surrounding the junction. Findings reveal that informal trading is not randomly distributed but is spatially dictated by the underlying urban fabric and the transport network structure. High-confidence hotspots closely align with the geospatial coordinates of major markets and transport nodes, while cold spots dominate elongated linear road segments farther from primary commercial zones. The overlap between high-density clusters and areas close to markets confirms that roadside trading density is driven by market attraction, transport accessibility and increased road encroachment. This paper recommends the provision of designated and affordable trading spaces along major corridors to reduce environmental and traffic challenges associated with roadside trading. Strengthened urban planning enforcement and coordination among regulatory agencies are also required to ensure sustainable control of informal trading activities across Ibadan Metropolis.
NUTRITIONAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE FRUIT LEATHER DEVELOPED FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (Chrysophyllum albidum) AND BANANA
This study developed fruit leather from African star apple and banana blends to enhance the utilization of African star apple and reduce postharvest losses. The fruits were blended in varying proportions (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 African star apple: banana), with 100% of each fruit serving as controls. Proximate composition, textural properties, and sensory attributes of the leathers were evaluated. Results showed crude protein (8.70–12.08%), crude fat (2.00–3.18%), ash (2.41–3.03%), moisture (11.31–12.97%), and carbohydrate (66.59–67.75%) contents across the blends. Textural properties included hardness (20.91–24.06%), cohesiveness (0.32–0.42), springiness (0.65–0.76), gumminess (7.07–9.87), and chewiness (4.94–5.08 J). Incorporating up to 50% banana improved protein, fat, and ash contents, while sensory evaluation indicated maximum consumer acceptability at 30% banana inclusion. Notably, banana inclusion did not significantly alter the leathers' textural properties. This research supports Sustainable Development Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) by improving the utilization of African star apple thus promoting food sustainability.
AFFORDABLE, SCREEN-FREE ROBOTICS FOR ENHANCING COMPUTATIONAL THINKING IN EARLY STEM EDUCATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
This comprehensive review examines the emerging field of affordable, screen free robotics as an approach to developing computational thinking skills in early STEM education in underserved learning environments. Even though learning benefits exist for educational robots, many challenges still continue to plague widespread adoption in underserved communities. This paper therefore uses a comprehensive thematic literatu re review of peer reviewed literature published in the range of 2010 and 2025. The paper therefore attempts to synthesize the research across various disciplines involved in educational robotics. The theoretical foundations that form the foundation of educ ational robotics were reviewed. In addition, key engineering and mechatronics constraints involved in the development of educational robotics for underserved communities were also reviewed. The review identified significant research gaps which include the feasibility and under exploration of RFID for tangible programming. This synthesis showed that achieving equitable access to computational thinking education requires a new generation of educational robotics. These solutions must aim to be low cost, screen free, locally manufacturable, pedagogically effective, and environmentally sustainable, or any combination of these features. The findings from this review can potentially provide a roadmap for researchers, engineers, and educators working to democratize STEM education through accessible robotic platforms.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ZIRCONIA-, YSZ-, AND PORCELAIN-REINFORCED COLD-CURED PMMA DENTURE COMPOSITES
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has become a staple in dental applications. However, PMMA is inherently fragile and lacks sufficient mechanical strength for specific high stress appl icatio ns. To improve dental restorations and achieve long lasting, appealing results, it is vital to develop denture composites with enhanced mechanical and physical properties. This study explores the mechanical properties of cold cured PMMA denture compo sites reinforced with (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt. %) untreated zirconia (ZrO 2 ) nanoparticles, yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles, and dental porcelain . After the formulated PMMA powder, MMA monomer, and filler were invested in the mold formed in the d ental flask and compacted with a hydraulic press, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption were evaluated. The results revealed an enhancement in the impact strength for all reinforced PMMA composites, with the highest value obser ved in the composites with 1 wt. % ZrO₂ NPs, YSZ, and porcelain particles marking a 3.50%, 3.04%, and 2.94% increase compared to pure PMMA, respectively. Hardness results for the composites containing 1 wt. % ZrO₂ NPs, 5 wt. %YSZ, and 5 wt. % porcelain par ticles showed the highest increase of 16.48%, 33.4%, and 14.26%, respectively. 7.37% and 64% enhancements in flexural strength were observed for both 1 wt. % ZrO₂ NPs, and YSZ, with a steady decrease for all wt. % of PMMA/porcelain composites when compare d to t he control sample. Generally, water absorption decreased for all reinforced PMMA composites after 48 hours. The best-performing filler overall was YSZ-NP, which exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and water absorption resistance.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE GASKET USING A COMBINATION OF PLANTAIN AND COCONUT FIBERS
A gasket is a compressible material or a blend of materials made from metals, non-metals, polymer or hybrid gaskets consisting of a combination of metallic and non-metallic materials. They are generally used in areas where high weight/temperature, low and high pressure and sealing at low torque applications are required. It must be chemically very stable, have excellent strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and have good pressure transmitting efficiency and good thermal stability coupled with a better sealing performance. Three different gasket compositions were made from coconut fibre, plantain fibre, epoxy, and mica. All paper samples were subjected to hardness, tensile strength, oil absorption, water absorption, and heat resistance tests, and the results were compared to BonTex 247 paper (control). Samples were graded based on how well they passed the tests and the mean of these samples was calculated. The results showed that sample A with 30% Coconut fibre, 30% Plantain fibre, 30% hardener and 10% binder had excellent hardness, water absorption, and oil absorption properties. The thermal properties were within the considerable limits of good gasket material. Sample B with 40% Coconut fibre, 30% Plantain fibre, 20% hardener and 10% binder possessed the best tensile properties.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPOSITE GASKET USING EGG SHELL GLASS POWDER AND EPOXY RESIN
In this present work, the egg shell was reinforced with glass fiber in the presence of epoxy resin and hardener to produce composite gasket using the hand lay-up method. The experiment was conducted on tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, density, hardness, water absorption and compared with standard gasket. The best results from the density test (1.68 g/cm3) and water absorption test (0.35%) are within the range of the conventional gaskets (1.65 g/cm3 and 0.38 %). The best results from hardness test (25.47 VHN), impact test (5.14 J) and flexural strength (21.53 MPa) are significantly low compared to conventional gasket (having impact strength of 10.67 J, hardness strength of 40.29 VHN, and flexural strength of 2742.74 MPa). Base on the result obtained show that the composite material could be used as a replacement for some conventional gasket in simple machinery such as taps, injector nozzles etc. but not to be used in car gasket as they do not possess the required tensile and flexural strength.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATED GREENHOUSE MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM
Efficient environmental control remains a major challenge in greenhouse farming, where manual monitoring and semi-automated methods often lead to unstable growing conditions, reduced crop yield, and excessive use of water and energy. This study presents the design and implementation of an automated greenhouse monitoring system for real time environmental regulation. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensing using DHT11, soil moisture measurement using capacitive sensors, and light intensity detection using LDR sensors, all interfaced with an ESP32 microcontroller. A rule-based control mechanism was developed to automatically activate actuators such as water pumps, ventilation fans, and lighting when environmental parameters exceeded predefined thresholds. Experimental evaluation showed that the system maintained optimal environmental conditions 95 percent of the time with an average response time of less than 10 seconds. Comparative analysis with manual greenhouse management demonstrated a 30 percent reduction in water consumption and a 25 percent decrease in energy usage. The results indicate that the developed system provides a reliable and scalable approach for precision greenhouse management and sustainable crop production.
OPTIMIZING THE ADSORPTION OF GOLD FROM DILUTE AQUA-REGIA-GOLD LEACHATE ONTO SUGARCANE BAGASSE GEL
An investigation was conducted on the adsorption behavior of gold (III) ions from a dilute aqua-regia leached solution of low-grade gold ore utilizing sugarcane bagasse gel. The experiment was designed using center composite design (CCD) with RSM, from which a quadratic model was created for regression analysis. Agitation rate, adsorbent concentration, contact time, and temperature are significant factors whose impacts were taken into account; their corresponding optimal values were determined to be 45 rpm, 1.4 g/L, 99 minutes, and 60°C. It was discovered that the adsorption yield was 91.5%. Additionally, it was discovered that the adsorption yield was 93.25% when analar grade activated carbon was utilized for the adsorption under ideal circumstances. The equilibrium sorption of Au(III) ions was performed at the ideal temperature of 323K. The results were fitted into Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir isotherms; the Langmuir model showed the best agreement with the experimental data.
SIMULATION OF PHASE BEHAVIOR USING DIFFERENT EQUATIONS OF STATE (EOS) IN PVTp SOFTWARE
Equation of State (EOS) is crucial for both production forecasts and reservoir simulation, but tailored models typically don't match experimental findings, which undermines field development decisions. The Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS were used to test the performance of Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong in simulating crude oil phase behavior. A systematic tuning methodology was built that entailed sequential regression of the CO 2/C7+ binary interaction coefficients, C7 + critical properties, and acentric factor. The tuned model was checked in constant composition expansion and differential liberation experiments. The untuned PR EOS had better accuracy in terms of bubble point pressure with an Absolute Relative Error (ARE) of 0.015% than the SRK EOS of Absolute Relative Error (ARE) 8.22%. After tuning, PR EOS obtained a precise bubble point with an oil formation volume factor error of less than 2%. The CO 2 /C7+ binary reaction coefficient was the most sensitive to saturation pressure. But there was a trade-off when GOR prediction error rose to 10.13%, which showed that single-objective regression is not capable of producing an optimal combination of all the PVT properties. The C7+ acentric factor had to be adjusted at 21.22%, indicating heavy deviation of the fraction from the ideal behavior. The tuned EOS is a reliable input to reservoir simulation, and the uncertainty of the input is measured. The trade-off that was noted in GOR shows the necessity of multi-objective optimization in future EOS calibration processes. The presented systematic methodology is flexible to the various types of crude oil to enhance compositional modelling.
DEVELOPMENT OF DEEP BELIEF NETWORK MODEL FOR CREDIT CARD FRAUD DETECTION
Credit card fraud detection (CCFD) has attracted various critical research interest owning to increase in fraudulent activities in financial transactions. Machine learning and rule-based system, often struggle to solve the inherent challenges of imbalanced transactional datasets, concept Drift, real-time detection and Feature Engineering. Hence, this study developed credit card fraud detection system by employing a light weight deep belief network (DBN) model. The DBN which can learn hidden pattern of imbalanced dataset was formulated with 2 hidden layer, 244 nuerons and 0.00921 learning rate. The architecture was formed using stacked layers of restricted boltzman machine while weight and biases were updated using contrastive divergence technique. The model performance on CCFD was accompanied on 10,000 transactional records with imbalanced ratio of 98:2 legitimate to fraudulent datasets. The result shows an average of 96.48% sensitivity, 96.36% precision, 95.66% F1-score and 94.96 accuracy for DBN-CCFD as compared to 95% sensitivity, 88% precision, 91% F1-score and 94% accuracy of DBNex. This study realized that a light weight architectural through careful selection of BDNs hyperparameters can result in excellent performance, providing a new direction for fraud detection system design that prioritizes efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.
FABRICATION STRATEGIES FOR MODERN BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW
The expansion of electrification, renewable energy systems, and portable technologies has increased demand for rechargeable batteries with improved performance, safety, and manufacturability. Although substantial progress has been achieved in battery materials, fabrication processes play an equally critical role in determining electrode microstructure, interfacial stability, ionic transport, and overall cell reliability. This review presents a fabrication-centred comparative analysis of major battery technologies, examining how processing strategies influence electrochemical behaviour and manufacturing feasibility. General principles of electrode preparation, electrolyte formulation, and cell assembly are first outlined, followed by a discussion of fabrication requirements specific to different battery chemistries. Attention is given to lithium-ion, solid-state, metal–air, and flow batteries, highlighting how variations in processing conditions affect microstructural evolution, defect formation, and transport pathways. Comparative evaluation identifies key cross-cutting challenges in battery manufacturing, including slurry homogeneity, binder migration, interface stability, moisture sensitivity, and scalability constraints. Emerging fabrication approaches are also examined as potential pathways for improving performance and manufacturing efficiency. Unlike many existing battery reviews that focus primarily on electrochemical materials or device performance, this work emphasizes the role of manufacturing science in enabling practical battery deployment. By systematically linking fabrication parameters with transport behaviour, structural integrity, and industrial scalability across multiple battery chemistries, the review provides a framework for guiding the development and large-scale production of next-generation energy storage systems.
OPTIMIZED HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM WITH PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN NIGERIA USING ENERGY VALLEY OPTIMIZER
Access to reliable and affordable electricity remains a major challenge for rural communities in Nigeria, where diesel-dependent generation results in high costs and environmental degradation. This study proposes an optimized standalone hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) comprising solar photovoltaic (PV), biogas generation, diesel generator (DG) backup, and pumped hydro storage (PHS) for the Ikere community in Oyo State, Nigeria. An Integrated Hybrid Energy Sizing Model (IHESM) was formulated as a weighted multi-objective optimization problem that simultaneously minimizes the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), and total energy/carbon cost (TCE). Weighting factors were selected to reflect equal priority to economic performance and reliability, with LPSP constrained to a maximum allowable reliability target of 0.101 (i.e., at least 89.9% supply adequacy), consistent with rural microgrid planning benchmarks. The optimization problem was solved using the Energy Valley Optimizer (EVO), a physics-inspired metaheuristic algorithm whose search mechanism mimics energy-state transitions in physical systems to enhance global exploration and convergence stability. Results show that the EVO-optimized configuration (900 kWp PV, 200 kW biogas, 200 kW×3 h PHS, and 550 kW DG) achieved an LCOE of ₦102/kWh while satisfying the imposed reliability constraint. Stability performance was evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink through Renewable Energy Fraction (REF) sweep simulations, demonstrating voltage regulation within 0.97–1.03 p.u. and fast frequency recovery (±0.12 Hz within 3 s) at approximately 85% renewable penetration. The proposed framework provides a cost-effective, reliability-aware, and operationally stable pathway for sustainable rural electrification in Nigeria.
ANALYSIS OF HOUSING INTERIOR SPACES PREFERENCES OF CIVIL WORKERS IN ABUJA
Understanding housing interior space preferences is essential for improving residential satisfaction and the effectiveness of public housing provision. This study examines the interior space preferences of civil workers in Abuja, Nigeria, focusing on nine optional and tradable spaces within dwelling units: dining space, laundry, store, ensuite bedroom, toilet separated from the bedroom, study room, prayer room, ante room, and visitors’ toilet. By situating these spaces within the concept of user-driven and flexible housing design, the study contributes to the theoretical understanding of how optional interior spaces function as negotiable elements in residential layouts. A quantitative research approach was adopted using structured questionnaires administered to Federal civil servants in ministries in Abuja. A sample size of 2,133 respondents was drawn from a population of 40,884 using the Slovin formula, while respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis using the Chi-square test were employed to examine preferences and the influence of income levels on interior space choices. The results indicate strong preferences for dining spaces, ensuite bedrooms, stores, ante rooms, and visitors’ toilets, reflecting occupants’ needs for functionality, privacy, and social interaction. In contrast, laundry spaces, study rooms, prayer rooms, and toilets separated from bedrooms were less preferred. The findings demonstrate that income significantly shapes preferences for most interior spaces and highlight the importance of incorporating tradable interior spaces in housing design. The study therefore recommends flexible, user-centered housing designs and income-sensitive housing policies to enhance residential satisfaction and the effectiveness of government housing schemes in Abuja.
DEVELOPMENT OF IoT-BASED AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Internet of Things (IoT) solution type in the form of an air quality monitoring system, whose primary goal is to provide accurate, real-time measurements of air pollution levels, which are crucial for urban planning and public health protection. Air pollution is a serious environmental problem that jeopardises sustainable development and causes serious health hazards. Important sensors, such as the DHT22, which measures both temperature and humidity, the MQ-9, used to detect carbon monoxide, and the MQ-135, used to measure combustible gases. An I2C LCD is used to display the result. A system for monitoring and analysing major air pollutants in real time was created using the Internet of Things (IoT) in order to solve this problem. The system collects data using a microcontroller (ESP8266) that is interfaced with a collection of gas sensors, including those for CO₂, CO, and combustible gases. The gathered sensor data is sent to a cloud-based platform over Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), allowing for ongoing online access and storage. Through the use of a web interface, users and environmental authorities can remotely monitor air quality levels in real time, via dashboards. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 10–35 μg/m³ indoors and 18–90 μg/m³ outdoors, according to recorded measurements, while CO2 levels ranged from 420–950 ppm indoors and roughly 400–450 ppm outside. This method makes it easier to make data-driven decisions about public awareness and air quality management. By improving accessibility through cloud storage integration, stakeholders can react more quickly to potentially dangerous situations. The project's success demonstrates how the Internet of Things can promote smart city projects and encourage environmental sustainability.
PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF FOUR ECO-FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS AS RETROFITS FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS
This paper examines eco-friendly hydrocarbon refrigerants as substitutes for R134a in vapour compression refrigeration systems. It details the retrofitting of an existing system for R134a with modifications including a copper capillary tube, filter drier, refrigerant charge adjustment kit for hydrocarbons, and a sub-cooling coil to improve cooling capacity and energy efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. It explores retrofitted systems using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Propane (R290), Iso-butane (R600a), and Carbon dioxide (R744), comparing their effectiveness to R134a through experimental analysis. R290 refrigerant outperforms others in pull down times, achieving cooling in 15 minutes at -10°C evaporator and 40°C condenser temperatures, followed by R600a, LPG, and R744. R134a is the least energy efficient at 850W and has the longest pull-down time of 22 minutes. LPG, propane, and iso-butane are more efficient and eco-friendly alternatives to R134a, consuming 644W to 805W with better pull-down time, power consumption, and lower pressure ratios. LPG exhibits a refrigerating effect of 150 kJ/kg with a COP of 3.50 and 78.7% efficiency. R290 has a superior effect at 240 kJ/kg, COP of 3.45, and 76.7% efficiency, followed by R600a at 230 kJ/kg, COP of 3.42, and 76.3% efficiency. R744, however, shows the lowest refrigerating effect at 140 kJ/kg, COP of 2.30, and 66.5% efficiency, while R134a, despite its low cooling capacity, achieves 78.1% efficiency. Hydrocarbon refrigerants are eco-friendly alternatives to R134a, with R600a being the most effective. R290 and LPG are also suitable substitutes for domestic refrigerators during phase-out, as they help reduce energy consumption.
EVALUATING THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF SORGHUM STALK ASH AND SORGHUM HUSK ASH AS A SUSTAINABLE MINERAL FILLER IN WARM MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
The performance of road construction materials has prompted research into alternative fillers. Concerns about the need to mitigate depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation became a dire need. The high production temperature of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) which results in significant energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and occupational health risk has driven research into alternative Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies. Thus, this study investigated the mechanical performance of WMA incorporating Sorghum Stalk Ash (SSA) and Sorghum Husk Ash (SHA) as sustainable fillers. The study adopted bitumen of 60/70 penetration grade. Sasobit proportion of 3.5 wt. % of the bitumen was adopted, which serves as an additive to produce WMA samples. Aggregates and filler were added to unmodified and modified WMA concrete samples. The samples were produced by incorporating SSA and SHA at a proportion of 0 – 100 wt. % at 10% intervals. Marshall Stability and Flow (MSF), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) properties of the WMA samples were evaluated. The optimum replacement level was found at 40 wt.% (SSA and SHA) for the MSF resulting in 18.85 kN and 4.30 mm, respectively, exceeding the minimum of 8 kN and 4 mm, respectively. Furthermore, ITS and TSR recorded 40 wt.% replacement resulting in 250 kN/m² and 82.7%, respectively, exceeding the minimum recommended TSR of 80%. This study is limited to mechanical performance without considering the Microstructural analysis of the concrete. These finding revealed that incorporating SSA and SHA enhance pavement construction properties and promote sustainability.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SPATIAL REALITIES OF EDUCATORS' WELFARE IN THE REALISATION OF SDG 4 IN OSOGBO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
This study examines the critical nexus between urban socio-economic and residential conditions of teachers in Osogbo Metropolis, Nigeria, within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) on quality education. The study examines the socio-economic characteristics, assesses housing and living conditions of teachers across different school categories, analyses the differences in socio-economic variables, and evaluates the relationship between teachers’ socio-economic conditions and their work-related outcomes. Employing a mixed-method design, data were collected from 87 teachers across 475 schools, comprising public and private, primary and secondary schools. The findings reveal a deeply feminised teaching workforce (65.5% female), yet disproportionately marginalised in housing, income, and welfare support. Alarmingly, 55.2% of teachers earn below the national minimum wage of ₦30,000, while over 56.3% reside in overcrowded shared apartments. Only 19.5% own homes, and 25.3% are squatting, conditions that erode professional dignity and undermine teaching quality. Private school teachers, who constitute over 58% of respondents, suffer the most: 80.4% earn less than ₦30,000, and none possess more than 19 years of teaching experience. Notably, 66.7% of the total sample has less than a decade of classroom experience, posing a severe threat to pedagogical continuity and mentorship. These spatial and socio-economic inequities are statistically significant (p < 0.05) (including residential occupancy status, teachers' educational background, income of teachers, marital status, and teachers' years of experience in teaching), and they reflect systemic policy disjunctions between urban planning and education sectors. The findings underscore the urgent need for spatially just teacher housing, integrated land-use planning, and income parity across school types. Without coordinated reforms to stabilise and humanise the educational workforce, Nigeria risks derailing SDG 4 targets, particularly in urban peripheries where vulnerability is most acute. Teachers cannot deliver inclusive and equitable education when they are trapped in cycles of spatial and economic exclusion.
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TERNARY HYBRID BIOCOMPOSITES AT VARIED COMPOSITIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Growing awareness of the need for new resources that can be biodegradable and environmentally friendly for producing composite materials with higher performance has led to the use of bamboo (B), oil palm trunk (OPT), and plastic waste (P) to create biocomposite materials with greater strength and durability. The P was waste, while B and OPT were sourced locally, processed and produced at varied weight percentage(wt%). Characteristics of each of the materials and impacts of mixture ratio on the composites’ properties were investigated and reported. B exhibited the greatest hardness (87.88±0.02 HV), compressive strength (28.32±0.22 N/mm2), and impact strength (437.14±1.43 J/m2) compared to OPT, and P, and the composition with the highest wt% of bamboo showed the highest hardness (95.37±1.73 HV), compressive strength (34.03±0.29 N/mm2), and impact strength (913.81±10.00 J/m2). OPT absorbs more oil (0.4280%) compared to B, and OPT. The micrographs showed reasonable particle reinforcement and interfacial bonding in the material with the highest wt% of B, which validated the mechanical findings. The composite is suitable for structural and semi-structural automotive parts such as bumper reinforcements, fenders, interior trims, dashboard frames, and door panels where durability and resistance to localised stresses are necessary.
INFLUENCE OF POLYMERIC MODIFICATION ON THE CONVENTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN SOURCED FROM AGBABU AND LODA IN NIGERIA: A STATISTICAL APPROACH
Natural bitumen requires modification to qualify as a binder in pavement construction.However, the effects of modifiers on bitumen vary depending on the bitumen composition, polymer type, and dosage applied. The effects of bitumen geographical location (Agbabu, L1 and Loda L2), dosage (0 - 6 wt.%) and polymer types(polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), poly-ethylene-co-vinyl-acetate (PEVA),poly-styrene-co-butadiene (PSCB) and butyl acrylate (BA) were investigated on conventional properties of Nigerian bitumen. This study identified the most suitable modifier and optimum dosage levels as a preliminary attempt towards promoting Nigerian bitumen for road construction. Thermal degradation, functional groups,surface morphology and chemical composition of purified and modified bitumen were done using thermal gravimetric analyzer, Fourier Transform infrared technique,Scanning electron microscope and Thin Layer chromatography respectively.Conventional properties were analyzed using standard procedures and the results obtained were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Significant differences were noticed between the geographical areas, types and dosage of polymer (p< 0.05). Samples from L1 responded well to modification than those from L2. PSCB performed better at L1 and PP outperformed others at L2 regarding softening and penetration points. Polymeric modification improved the ductility of base bitumen regardless of location. Except PEVA, polymeric bitumen exhibits a lower fire point value compared to base samples. A dosage as low as 2 wt.% additives was found to be adequate in terms of ductility and flash point irrespective of sample location. Dosages of 4 and 6 wt% are optimum and significant (p< 0.05) at L1 and L2, respectively for other properties. Regarding the viscosity, only BA showed positive effect on viscosity reduction, other polymers tend to absorb oily components from bitumen and swell, resulting in higher viscosity. The findings of this study establish optimal polymer dosages for bitumen modification at Agbabu and Loda,Nigeria, providing a robust baseline for future enhancement using binary or ternary modifiers to improve road performance and pavement service life.
Akeem Olatunde Akeem Olatunde Arinkoola.
TECHNO ECONOMIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PV MODULE INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
igeria faces rising electricity costs and diesel power dependence which creates a need to find affordable and effective renewable energy alternatives. The study conducts a techno-economic comparison of three photovoltaic (PV) systems which include rooftop, ground-mounted, and floating PV systems at a Nigerian site that represents Lagos weather conditions. The researchers used PVsyst software to simulate system performance while they performed economic assessment through HOMER Pro software. The results demonstrate that floating PV systems produced their maximum annual energy yield of 334 MWh and achieved 86 % performance ratio, because their advanced module cooling system prevented thermal losses through lower operating temperatures. The ground-mounted system reached 321 MWh of energy production and had an 82% performance ratio, while the rooftop system produced the least energy, which amounted to 294 MWh due to shading and increased thermal losses. Economic analysis revealed that floating PV had the lowest levelized cost of energy (₦147.41/kWh) and shortest payback period (1.99 years), which was closely followed by the ground-mounted system. The research results indicate that floating PV provides the optimal solution for organizations that seek to enhance their energy production and financial benefits in comparable settings.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AI-POWERED VANDALISM DETECTION SYSTEM IN TELECOMMUNICATION BASE STATIONS
The rising incidence of vandalism and theft at telecommunication Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) poses a significant threat to network availability and operational costs. Traditional security measures, such as passive CCTV and simple motion sensors,often suffer from high false alarm rates and a lack of real-time intelligent response. This research developed an intelligent, multi-sensor vandalism mitigation system designed to actively distinguish between environmental triggers and genuine human threats. The methodology employed a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) co-simulation strategy, interfacing an Arduino-based sensor node in Proteus with a Python-based YOLOv8 computer vision engine. The system architecture featured a graduated threat response protocol, including ultrasonic proximity detection, AI-driven visual verification, and a dual-redundant communication framework utilizing GSM and 433MHz RF modules. Simulation results validated the system's efficacy, achieving a threat confirmation response time of 0.51 seconds, well within the design target of 3 seconds. The AI module successfully filtered 100% of false positive triggers during testing, while the access control subsystem generated accurate digital forensic logs for all entry events and successfully triggered a lockdown during simulated brute-force attacks. The study concludes that the "Trigger-Verification" model significantly enhances security reliability by combining the speed of physical sensors with the cognitive accuracy of computer vision.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM CASTOR OIL VIA ALKALI-CATALYSED TRANSESTERIFICATION
Growing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves have intensified the need for sustainable alternatives to petroleum diesel, with biodiesel gaining prominence due to its renewability, biodegradability, and reduced emissions;however, reliance on edible oils raises economic and food security issues,necessitating exploration of non-edible feedstocks such as castor oil. This study aimed to produce and optimize biodiesel from castor oil via alkali-catalyzed transesterification, assessing its suitability and determining optimal reaction conditions for maximum yield and quality. The extracted oil was first characterized to establish its physicochemical properties and compatibility with base catalysis, after which transesterification was conducted using methanol and potassium hydroxide, while systematically varying temperature, catalyst concentration, and methanol-to-oil ratio. The biodiesel produced was purified and evaluated for key fuel properties, including density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, and boiling point.Optimal conditions of 75 °C, 2.0 wt% catalyst, and 3:1 methanol-to-oil ratio yielded about 92% biodiesel with properties within standard limits, indicating efficient combustion, improved lubricity, and safe handling, thus, the study demonstrates the novelty and effectiveness of an integrated optimization compounding approach, recommending further scale-up, engine testing, emission analysis, and storage stability studies for industrial application.
IMPACT OF LAND USE ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY OF AWBA STREAM AND DAM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA
Adequate water supply has been a mirage in most of Nigerian University campuses mostly resulting to recurrent students’ unrest. The most concern of students is quantitative provision with almost no attention given to the qualitative aspect of the water supply. This paper therefore examined some major landuses interfering with the source of raw water supply for purification and supply for the University of Ibadan campus community. Both observational and experimental research methods were adopted to source both primary and secondary information utilized. Water samples were collected from six different points along the course of the streams and the Dam.The water samples were analyzed in Laboratory for Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters. The study identified landuses such as fish and crop farms, open waste dumps, residential quarters and hostels buildings, academic buildings, automobiles mechanic building and zoological garden. Water analysis result revealed mean value of Temperature (29.70c), pH (6.80), TDS (188.33), Pb (0.78), Fe (2.89), Cd (0.04mg/l), Fl (2.92mg/l) and BOD (25.05mg/l). Water sample collection sites B, C and E had insignificant values of E.coli while other sites had values ranging from 15000cfu/ml to 20000cfu/ml. Both sites A and F had salmonella with 10000cfu/ml respectively while other sites had negligible values. Water quality index analysis using the WAWQI model revealed that none of the raw water is fit for direct consumption.The water analysis showed high concentration of lead, cadmium and BOD which could be attributed to effluents from residential hostels and open waste dumps.Similarly, Awba dam is polluted due to various landuses aborting the stream and its use for human consumption requires adequate treatment and quality monitoring are recommended in order to ensure water security.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR-POWERED WASTEWATER PURIFYING MACHINE FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE USING AUTOMATED FILTERING PROCESS
Access to safe drinking-water remains a major challenge in many developing regions,where inadequate infrastructure and unreliable electricity supply make water availability difficult. To address this, a solar-powered household water purification system was designed and tested. The system is effective, affordable, and sustainable, particularly for off-grid communities. Water samples collected from different areas of a school compound were analyzed before and after purification according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The untreated samples showed high turbidity, slight odor, and acidic pH levels, making them unfit for drinking. After purification,turbidity was reduced below 2 NTU, pH decrease within the recommended 6.5–8.5 range, and both total dissolved solids (TDS) and odor were significantly minimized.The system uses a solar energy setup with a panel and battery powering 12 V DC pump, ensuring continuous water flow. It incorporates three stages of filtration: a ceramic filter, an activated carbon filter, and a tap filter. For automation, an Arduino Uno, microcontroller, relay module, and water level sensor are integrated to control the system. Overall, this solar-driven purification system not only provides potable water but also promotes the use of renewable energy, contributing to better public health and reduced environmental impact.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CARBONATE ON RICE HUSK ASH TO STABILIZE LATERITIC SOIL FOR USE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Lateritic soils commonly used in tropical road construction often exhibit high plasticity and inadequate strength, limiting their direct application in pavement layers.This study investigates the effectiveness of rice husk ash (RHA) activated with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a sustainable stabilizing system for lateritic soil improvement.The materials were characterized for their chemical and mineralogical composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The soil was treated with varying proportions of RHA (0–15%) and Na2CO3 (0–12%), and evaluated through Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under soaked and unsoaked conditions, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and shear strength tests following relevant British Standards. A two-way ANOVA was employed to assess the statistical significance of the stabilizers’ effects. Results revealed that RHA is rich in reactive silica, while the lateritic soil is predominantly kaolinitic, enabling effective alkali-activated pozzolanic reactions. Stabilization significantly reduced plasticity and enhanced strength properties, with the optimum blend of 15% RHA and 12% Na2CO3 yielding the highest CBR, UCS, and shear strength values. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant influence of the stabilizers on key engineering properties. The study demonstrates that sodium carbonate–activated RHA is an effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for lateritic soil stabilization in pavement applications.
COMPACTION AND STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CEMENT STABILIZED LATERITIC SOIL ADMIXED WITH CRUMBED ELECTRONIC WASTE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Road pavement is built on lateritic soil as foundation or subgrade course of the road but it’s often characterizes with low strength, and poor durability. Cement and lime have been found to be effective as conventional stabilizers for lateritic soil; however,their productions have been attributed to the high carbon emissions. At the same time,the mismanagement and unsafe recycling of electronic waste pose a major environmental threat in Nigeria, even though the sector holds considerable economic value. This study therefore assesses the stabilizing effect of crumbed e-waste and cement on lateritic soil to create a sustainable, high-performance road pavement material. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples treated with varying e-waste (0–9%) and cement (0–15%) contents. The soil was characterized for particle size, Atterberg limits, and compaction, while stabilized samples were tested for CBR.The natural soil was clayey with moderate plasticity, and poor bearing capacity (CBR< 5%). The presence of e-waste content (6%) enhanced interparticle friction and stiffness while cement improved the bonding properties within the matrix of mixture of lateritic soil and e-waste thereby enhancing its strength. The required strength performance of the mixture was achieved with 10% cement and 6% e-waste for sustainable approach to lateritic soil stabilization.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF A TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL MODEL WITH VACCINATION, TREATMENT, AND PUBLIC AWARENESS VIA THE LAPLACE ADOMIAN METHOD
Tuberculosis remains a major public health challenge in many endemic regions. Populations with incomplete treatment coverage and limited awareness require an integrated control approach involving vaccination, timely treatment, and sustained public awareness. This study develops and analyses a mathematical model to evaluate the combined effects of vaccination, treatment, and awareness campaigns on tuberculosis transmission and control. The transmission model incorporating vaccination, treatment, and public awareness was formulated and shown to be well-posed using the Lipschitz condition, which guarantees existence and uniqueness of nonnegative solutions. The effective reproduction number was derived using the next-generation matrix method, while local stability of equilibrium points was examined using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify parameters that influence transmission. The Laplace-Adomian decomposition method was used to obtain approximate analytical solutions, and simulations were carried out in Maple 18 to assess intervention scenarios. Results indicate that public awareness can substantially lower susceptibility and exposure over the simulated period, while childhood vaccination, adult vaccination, and improved treatment coverage reduce infection when combined. The findings support the use of integrated awareness, vaccination, and treatment strategies for tuberculosis control in settings with suboptimal treatment coverage. The study's main contribution is the combined-intervention threshold and associated sensitivity structure; the LADM implementation provides a semi-analytical solution framework rather than a direct efficiency comparison with Runge-Kutta methods.
A REVIEW OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR ENHANCED HIGH-QUALITY BIOMASS BRIQUETTES
Despite the alignment of biomass briquetting with anti-climate change policies and sustainable development, the mass production of homogeneous, high-strength briquettes remain a challenge due to the interplay of feedstock factors (such as physical properties) and process conditions. This review highlights the main parameters that determine briquette quality and compiles current knowledge into a mechanistic framework to explain how each variable affects the performance of the final product. Results of the analysis show that feedstock characteristics are critical—particularly lignin content as a natural thermoplastic binder (acting as both plasticizer and lubricant) and particle size distribution, which affects packing density and potential densification. The synergy among process conditions, including compaction pressure as the main driver for particle rearrangement and temperature activating lignin's glass transition, dominates the bonding mechanisms that determine structural integrity. The review identifies major knowledge gaps, such as the need for predictive models that account for feedstock heterogeneity and the difficulty of extrapolating laboratory observations to continuous industrial processes. This review introduces a novel, molecular-level framework for biomass briquetting that goes beyond recent advances. It proposes targeted strategies to optimize briquetting parameters. Thus, this study offers a new approach to improving biomass densification—an essential pillar of sustainable bioenergy systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED), ORGANIC- LED (OLED) AND MICRO-LED TELEVISION TECHNOLOGIES
Light Emitting Diode (LED), Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), and Micro-Light Emitting Diode (Micro-LED) represent key innovations, each with distinct operational mechanisms, efficiency patterns, and recyclability prospects. While earlier studies emphasized image fidelity and consumer appeal, limited empirical data exists comparing these technologies on sustainability indicators such as energy use,carbon emissions, and life-cycle impacts. Addressing this gap is critical given rising e-waste concerns, escalating energy demand, and the pressing climate agenda. The study aimed to conduct an assessment of LED, OLED, and Micro-LED televisions to determine their relative strengths in energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. Power consumption was measured with high-precision Wattmeter,while luminance was captured using calibrated photometers. Life-cycle Assessment (ISO 14040/44) and carbon emission modelling quantified environmental burdens, while recyclability indices were derived from material composition studies. Results indicated a consistent hierarchy: Micro-LED > OLED > LED. Micro-LED recorded the lowest annual energy consumption (131.4 kWh) compared to OLED (160.6 kWh) and LED (175.2 kWh), alongside the highest luminous efficacy (11.1 lm/W). Carbon emissions followed a similar trend, with Micro-LED emitting 65.7 kgCO2 annually versus OLED (80.3 kgCO2) and LED (87.6 kgCO2).
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF MOTORIZED CASSAVA MESH SIEVING MACHINE
The sieving operation occupies an important position in the effective transformation of cassava into fine ‘garri’ flakes however, the traditional sieving operation consumes time and energy which necessitated the design of an appropriate mechanical device. The method of operating any existing ‘garri’ sieving machine was realized to be inefficient and laborious like the traditional manual method. In order to solve this problem, the need thus arises to develop a better sieve that would not only remove the drudgery associated with it but also increase the output per hour to meet the high demand of ‘garri’. The aim of this study is to design, fabricate carry out the performance evaluation of the machine. Some design criteria considered include durability, portability, and safety of operations. The components designed include; the sieve bed, screening material, shaft, pulley belt, hopper and power source. Cassava tubers were peeled, washed, grated, and fermented pulverized and frying. The machine was evaluated by varying the speed of operation (350, 400,450rpm). The electric motor-powered sieve was tested at speeds of 350, 400 and 450 rpm. After sieving, sample of sieved ‘garri’ was used to determine its fines modulus using Tyler series analysis method. The throughput capacity and sieving efficiency were also calculated. At a speed of 350 rpm the sieve has the highest output capacity of 80.16 kg/hr with sieve efficiency of 92.01%. As the speed of the machine increases, the output capacity decreases.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND SHORT-TERM MICROCLIMATE FORECASTING USING AN IOT-BASED WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Accurate monitoring of atmospheric thermodynamic parameters remains a significant challenge in tropical environments, where rapid microclimatic transitions often occur with limited localized forecasting systems. The absence of affordable,real-time monitoring tools capable of reliably predicting short-term weather variations necessitates the development of smart and adaptive solutions. This study therefore evaluates a smart IoT-based weather monitoring system for real-time measurement and short-term forecasting of key atmospheric parameters. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors, a microcontroller-based data acquisition unit, and an embedded algorithm for computing dew point and heat index values. Data were recorded on November 12, 2025, between 14:30 and 15:15 at 5–10 second intervals to assess system responsiveness and forecasting capability.Observed temperatures ranged from 31.5 °C to 32.8 °C (mean 32.3 °C), relative humidity from 60% to 87.9% (mean 72.4%), dew point between 23.0 °C and 24.6°C, and heat index values from 42.0 °C to 52.92 °C (mean 47.8 °C). The system effectively detected rapid humidity fluctuations, tracked dew point variations indicative of atmospheric moisture dynamics, and highlighted heat–humidity interactions associated with extreme thermal stress conditions. Forecast outputs,including “Cloudy” and “Rain Likely,” closely corresponded with thermodynamic indicators, achieving predictive accuracy between 85% and 92%. The results demonstrate that the developed system is suitable for microclimate monitoring,precision agriculture, and early-warning applications in tropical regions. Future improvements will focus on integrating higher-accuracy sensors (±1% RH, ±0.5hPa), moisture-protected enclosures, and machine-learning-based forecasting algorithms to enhance long-term reliability and predictive performance.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THERMOELECTRIC SMARTWATCH CHARGER
This project focused on the design and fabrication of a thermoelectric smartwatch charger that converts body heat into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. The objective was to design a compact and efficient power management system suitable for integration into wearable devices, particularly tethered smartwatches. Earlier research has demonstrated the feasibility of thermoelectric and hybrid energy harvesting for wearables, though challenges remain in efficiently converting very low input voltages. To address this, the study incorporated an ultra-low-voltage boost converter (LTC3108) to enhance energy extraction from minimal temperature differences. The materials used included a thermoelectric generator (SP1848), the LTC3108 converter, and a 2.7V, 20F supercapacitor for energy storage. Experimental evaluations were carried out under both controlled indoor conditions and natural outdoor environments to assess voltage output, efficiency, and charging performance. The thermoelectric generator produced voltages ranging from 0.015V to 0.027V, which were increased to about 1.0V by the boost converter during prolonged operation. The overall system efficiency was approximately 1.2%, demonstrating the viability of energy harvesting despite current limitations. The findings indicate that thermoelectric systems can serve as sustainable power sources for low-power wearable electronics, with potential for improved performance through better materials and increased thermal gradients.